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There is a very big problem with trump's xenophobic screed to create fear and hate of immigrants. Instead of addressing the need to fix the difficulties immigrants face to enter the country legally or how many legal immigrants we will need to grow the country - we have demonized immigrants for trying to make a better life in the US.?

To all those supporting the cracking down on these ‘illegals’ there’s something I need to know. Tell me, if they folks had an option to immigrate legally, would they? Do you think it’s some kind of malicious effort to come here against the law, or are they coming here out of desperation? Many of these people come from places like Haiti, Colombia, or Guatemala. Places that the CIA and American tax dollars destroyed. Illegal immigration wouldn’t be a problem if we didn’t make the situations of many of our southern neighbors unlivable.\n\nI’m a Floridian white dude who was comparatively born with the silver spoon in my mouth, I understand America is at a point economically where the last thing we need is to be spending money on non citizens, sending billions in foreign aid abroad or on undocumented immigrants. But I also think we need to take some level of accountability for why this is even an issue. I speak Spanish as a second language, and ever since I got to communicate with many of these ‘illegals’ and got to hear from an older Guatemalan gentlemen of his time living through the American backed “Silent Holocaust” my opinion has change completely.

Canadians and Quebecers are fed up with mass immigration. Trudeau unwanted mass immigration policies damaged our society, created poverty and many other problems. That is why we really don't want migrants from the usa, sorry, we don't feel guilty at all to think that way.

Blame that old senile man in the white house who freely allowed too many illegals. Now he is passing the problem to Canada.

You have to understand what western civilization is first. \nThe west is made of many different cultures who over the centuries of fighting one another have integrated with the end goal of peaceful coexistence with each other . To do so they disposed of their own individual, troublesome traditions and adopted ones from others. In comparison the mass and rapid influxes of non-westerners over only the last 60 years is causing the real problem of parallel societies with no incentive for new comers to adapt. The blame clearly is on the governments policy’s to over look such a fundamental human condition. \nThe average QI in India is 75 while Canadians are 100 IQ ,so they probably could use a lesson here on how to get along in a culture that will voluntarily adapt to them as proven by history but they also need voluntary do so too

See, that's the problem with this immigration saga. While i believe that things should be done in good order, many of whom are pressuring migrants are themselves run-aways from harsh conditions of other countries. Including white people. The Natives are the only true Americans.

Jeez I wonder why people are saying there are two many of the religion of peace. We know we didn't have certain problems before Trudeau turned on that tap...

The fact that we have so many people in the US undocumented and living here for decades tells us that our legal process is not sufficient for allowing people to come legally. Having that many people tells us we need to treat this as a policy problem, not an individual-making-bad-choices problem. And spending billions of dollars on border patrol tactics that still allow for so many illegap immigrants tell us that our resources are grossly misspent. Plus we treat legal asylum seekers as if they were illegal (depriving people of food, keeping them from crossing in the first place) so people will choose whatever method will get them here. People can be here legally for well over a decade before getting a green card and then even longer to get citizenship.

We welcome everyone....wait, no we don't. Just like NYC.\nDear Canadians, I'm sorry the Biden administration freely let in so many more that this may become your problem.

Are we talking about a mass deportation of people who came into this country illegally? The funding and the resources are the problems. Trump is not going to be able to deport as many as he proposes. If some of them have been here and started an American-born family, then they should get special consideration, but if it's decided they get deported it's really not the fault of the government, it solely rests on the shoulders of those who come in our country and break our laws. If the idea is to become an American Citizen breaking the law is not the first thing to do to swear allegiance. It's confusing. My hope is that we get this issue behind us with fairness and compassion, without sending the message that you can just come here without due process.

See, I know this is wrong. But we have to be honest I am an Indian but moved to America. I stayed in New Jersey and the environment we created there is absurd. We made the place dirty, uncivilized behaviour and the list is long. This is happening in Canada too. Canadians identify everyone as Indians but the major problem they have is with Khalistanis. They have become a menace, gun violence, crimes and a shit ton of things done by these people. There is always a reaction and it is unfortunate that the innocent ones has to face the reaction. We Indians only look at the good ones as an example when it comes to Indian immigrants, but the chaos and misconduct is created by the rest of the uncivilized Indians who are huge in Numbers. My experience girlfriend was Canadian, her mother owned a departmental store she caught and called cops on many occasions were our peyare caught on camera stealing, damaging the store and also peeing right in the corner of the store. I saw all these footage. The major problem with Canada is most of the Indian immigrants that went there were uneducated and directly went to Canada from Indian villages, it's a cultural shock for them and during the initial period everyone behaved in a uncivilized manner. Please understand the root cause of the issue. If I am a guest at your house and keep on causing harm to your home and if this keeps on repeating you will end up frustrated.

too late, this not canada anymore. at least it does not feel like it. see many videos of immigrants causing mass disruptions across the country in every city, even the US is having problems. get rid of Trudeau and his running the government with his stupid feelings instead of his brain

this was 3 months ago, today there are tons of immigrants causing country wide disruption in Canada and the US. Does not effect me work wise, but many others say its becoming a problem now and the lack of respect to the country their in

Illegal migrants only help a few business owners why at the same time destroying most Americans with drugs crimes noise pollution and many other problems I hope the republicans get this done fast ??

I am a double hater cant stand Trump and I am a farmer, i dont use immigrants because i just grow crops that can be mechanically harvested and I have a small farm, But in the past I used to manage large farms where we had a lot of immigrants most were illegal and people don't understand why they're illegal It's because there is an arbitrary cap on how many migrants can come from Guatemala and Mexico if they wanted to come legally just a normal worker They have a 60-year waiting list so it's just impossible to come here legally. Most of these people are very hardworking good people that come here to work for 5 to 7 years save up money and then go back to Mexico or Guatemala build a house and start a business in their own country. \n\nThis year i begrudgingly voted for trump because for me the biggest issue is with the federal and state regulations that make farming much harder than it needs to be especially regulations on diesel engine emissions that cost me tens of thousands of dollars a year and many months of not being able to use my equipment that I spend hundreds of thousands of dollars on. And Kamala was the one who enforced the CARB emmisions standards that diesel engine manufactures have to comply with to sell into California which is the biggest consumer of these engines. \n\nLike right now I have my pickup truck that's been down for 6 months because of emissions problems and so many of the vehicles have emissions problems that the parts to fix it don't even have an ETA because they need to fix so many trucks and I have two other tractors broke down that I can't use all my friends that are farmers have a lot more and dems want to significantly increase emmisions standards in 2026. \n\nYou simply can't grow food at scale without reliable diesel engines There is no alternative The vast majority of food is planted and harvested mechanically in the US The bigger issue with food is not well illegals get deported It is will the diesel engines run to harvest 90% of the calories in plant them. \n\nWe have robots that can milk the cows most of the things that migrants harvest can be harvested mechanically and they are in other parts of the world It's just cheaper to do it with labor once that's not the case it will be mechanized. I would prefer to keep migrants here but give them legal working status if they have productive jobs and they pay tax.

my family and I, as Venezuelan immigrants who came LEGALLY in 2007, do not condone this behavior. this is unacceptable. I understand that the regime in Venezuela is inhumane and has been like this for many years and I have family that has been affected by it, but if the US lets this type of behavior slide, the problems of Venezuela will likely become US issues. Many people, including my family, left Venezuela because of gangs such as Tren de Aragua, but this border legislation is letting many of those same gang members in. I hope the next president is able to get the border under control and help the individuals who genuinely want a better life get a chance to enter legally. Most people don’t wanna leave Venezuela anyway, and would go back in the blink of an eye if Maduro accepted defeat. Pray for the restoration of peace in the US and Venezuela?✝️

Anyone with a modicum of sense will realise that what is proposed, or rather, what Trump promised his mad supporters, is impossible. I heard some MAGA clown claim that the plan was to remove 22 million people. Does he not realise the effort it will take to achieve. The ‘sermons’ he delivered were simply for effect. He must have known, even as the idiot he is, that the machinery does not exist to effect the policy. We had a similar experience in the UK over the decision to leave the European Union. The impression was given that, on the morning after a Leave vote, the matter was resolved. That was in 2016. We are now in late 2024 and many of the so-called problems caused by our membership of the Union still exist.\nThe American proposals were made by Trump, a liar. The most vociferous advocate for our Leaving was also a liar, Trump’s bosom pal (I get the impression he is closer to him than he is to the ex-call girl who is his wife) Nigel Farage.

Lets see what this repugnican do on their border. High walls cannot solve illegal immigrant to enter your country. He was president and many illegals entered you country. Build your wall 50 meters bellow the surface that way you can solve a bit of your problem.

Why would any skilled work want to move to Germany when they refuse to speak English with foreigners? English speakers (of all nationalities) can move to many other countries where this is not a problem. The Netherlands for example have no problem speaking English. For Germany, they need an attitude adjustment.

Many people have commented here to change India and make it livable instead of dreaming of Canada but let me tell you, ideally it is very welcoming and patriotic thought to make India top class country in the world in all respect but keeping current politicians standards, democratic model and caste & religion discrimination, it is next to impossible to implement changes. China has done despite massive population because it has hidden dictatorship and there are no inside traitors. Many entities within and outside India are doing their level best to break and shake India. \n\nI am from Canada, I just arrived in India on vacation. It disturbed me a lot to see trash and garbage everywhere ( especially on Kurla-Andheri-Mankhurd) on the streets from Mumbai airport, the town planning, landscape, traffic, road quality, people's civic sense (and many more things to mention) are in worst shape which is not a sign of good quality life. Especially when you enjoy lavish, luxurious, clean hygienic, sustematic life style abroad, you naturally tend tobe fascinated with that country, no matter how much patriotic you're. Somewhere people make the problem, somewhere government or governing bodies and somewhere both. \nForeign visitors must be experiencing what I experienced. That is why we Indians are always become victims of hate and criticism abroad.

Until they come to take her granddaughter and grandson who wasn’t born here away or until its a problem with citizenship because ice found out the parents snuck in this country to just have that baby thinking it would be ok…\nPEOPLE LIKE HER WILL FIND OUT THE HARD WAY GET READY BECAUSE ITS COMING… \nYou think the republican party wants you here??? When the majority already feel like its to many of you?? \nLatinos will be begging dems to let them back in after this 4 years is up… watch and see

It’ll never happen. Republicans loveee cheap non documented workers despite their phony outrage. You watch how many loopholes they’ll put in these bills to let their landscapers,painters,crop pickers,etc,etc get ‘exceptions’. E-Verify would solve the problem almost 100% percent but republicans keep pulling it out of legislation at last minute because it would prevent the real criminals ( multi billionaires) from making insane profits. Just try raiding one of trump’s golf courses and see how many you’ll find

Coming here and having children for the government to take care of the is a big problems it is burdening down taxpayers too. do you know how many millions of children and their parents crossed over the border and yet they still comes and making more babies to get everything free from the DEMOCRATS ADMINIS TRATION. enough is enoght

This is literally why the Republicans won the election. There are over 15 million people breaking one of the most basic laws in the country that is causing problems in our society and the Democrats defend the law breaking and justify and enable ILLEGAL immigration. The Democratic party claims they are the more ethical party yet they enable, support and justify criminals behaviour. Since Obama this is one of the many social issues where the Democrats have lost their way.

The problem with many countries is that immigration cannot simply be used as a fix for economic issues. Behind immigration are living, breathing people, not objects to solve problems temporarily. When economies are struggling, these individuals are invited to help rebuild and strengthen the system, often sacrificing a great deal to do so. However, once the situation improves, expecting them to leave behind everything they’ve built and return is unfair. They left their homes, worked hard, and contributed significantly — they deserve to be treated with respect and dignity, not as disposable solutions.

Close the border...& Stop calling this country a sanctuary for all the world's rifraf...we have our own problems & thanks to liberal / ndp we have too many immigrants

Anyone reading this that is planning on crossing the border. I'm gonna be frank with ya. Aside from the fact that you probably shouldn't be trying to circumvent our laws just to avoid a situation you don't like in the USA right now... you also shouldn't be trying to cross our border in what is becoming our winter season. \n\nThere are plenty who try, and many do meet a grim fate due to the elements they are just not prepared for. And even if you think you can do it, or prepare enough to do it, you still shouldn't. There isn't much you can do when you have fallen into one of the many sloughs that hide beneath the snow and ice during winter, waiting to make you a popsicle. And if you get out of that, you still have to somehow get warm again. But let's say you avoid that, what then? Well, we have these really cold biting winds that make the -30 temps feel like -40 or worse. But you came prepared, so let's say you can handle that for a bit. Well, you sweat. You will get damp, then wet, over time. Then your fancy clothing doesn't do much for you anymore. Ya dig?\n\nOh but wait, there's more. So we have this wildlife eh', and it likes to do this thing that wild life does... and it eats you. Coyotes are one such kind of wildlife. Bears are another. Both are prolific in certain areas, all the way down to the border in some cases. \n\nGranted, coyotes usually aren't a huge problem for us up here, but that's cause we know how to deal with them usually. Bears are another issue, that even we have problems with at times. You'll probably run into a black bear if you run into one. Grizzlies tend to be further north and to the west. You're gone too far somehow if you find Polar bears. \n\nThere are other critters to mention, but they're more active in the summer, like rattle snakes. (Yes, we have them)\n\nOkay, so you got past the border, and you actually somehow managed to survive the winter temps in your trek to some sort of civilization. Now you have to somehow find a place to live. This is of course assuming you decided to try to bypass all our border security of course. You could go to an embassy and declare asylum I guess. But right now, you're more likely to be given a ticket back to where you came from initially. So that's not something in the game plan for you. What then?\n\nWelcome to being homeless. Oh, and you're still having to deal with our winter temperatures. \n\nSuffice to say, right now is not a good time to be trying to ignore our laws just to do whatever you want. Consider this a fair warning, as this about all the F's I have to give over it all in regards to your safety. I just am dismayed that some of you mouth breathers are going to get your kids harmed because of it all as well.

Im so confused why its a problem to deport illegal, undocumented immigrants for so many. I would like to understand. People need to be legally in a country.

As first generation American all this endless whining is getting old. When my family came here, they all had to have a health certificate and a sponsor that guaranteed they would have employment and housing waiting for them when they got here. If not, they weren’t going to be allowed on the boat to start with. No free housing, health care, food or education. \n \n\n So what part of ILLEGAL ALIEN isn’t being understood. This kind of nonsense isn’t allowed in virtually any other country on the planet. Try to cross into Mexico or Canada illegally and see where you end up. The argument is Americans don’t want to do the jobs that the illegals do yet back in the day Americans did do these jobs. The problem is too many Americans today think jobs that require physical labor are beneath them and too many are getting paid way too much for what the job they’re doing entails. Sorry but flipping burgers and asking if you want fries with that IS NOT a job worth $15 or $20 bucks an hour.

Don't let them in. Go back your in a free country. We have problems with to many people already. Trudope better f'n wake up.

Trump may have won the 2024 election, will be sworn in on Jan 20, 2025 to become the 47th U.S. President, but Trump isn’t my president. Allow me to explain. There are certain attributes that define a U.S. president. A U.S. president places the citizens of this country ahead of his own personal interests. Trump doesn’t do that (hasn’t done that). Trump is self serving. On Jan ’21, Trump became an insurrectionist. Many citizens and police officers were injured and one police officers lost his life. According to the Constitution (the Supreme Court disagrees with me), Trump incited citizens to overthrown the certification of the 2020 election. Insurrection is one of the lowest acts any American can do, let alone a U.S. President. Trump states that the “insurrection” falls under immunity for “official acts”. Since when is “insurrection” an “official presidential duty”? Trump is a known Master Liar. This is beyond a moment when a president estimates, guesses and exaggerate numbers, figures and facts. Trump just lies – over 2k+ lies. Trump cannot be trusted in telling Americans the truth. Every time Trump opens his mouth, a lie flies out! Trump doesn’t appear to be able to help himself. One lie after another. Spreading the lie that the 2020 election was “stolen” and not providing legal evidence is an unforgivable act that Americans should #NEVER forget. MAGA, selected GOP, Christian Nationalists don’t appear to be troubled that Trump cannot tell the truth. To me, the truth strengthens the bond of trust – I have NO Trust for Trump! MAGA, Christian Nationalists and some selected GOP – I may use big words that you don’t comprehend such as: Liar, Convicted Felon, sexual misconduct, Insurrection, Fraud, election interference, Unauthorized Possession of classified documents. These are some, not ALL, of the words that defines Trump and his actions. These things do NOT appear to cause any concerns with the 71.2m people who cast their vote in the Nov 5th ’24 presidential election. Trump had unauthorized possession of classified material. (I am not certain what Classified Material Trump possessed, but if these documents would put my friends, my family and I in harm’s way – it’s a problem.) Again, those who voted for Trump, the 71.2m people, #NEVER thought about this. If they had, Trump would #NEVER have received their vote. America has a short attention span. How quickly have we forgotten that Trump’s inaction of Covid-19 could have prevented many from becoming ill and millions losing their lives. (If one of your loved ones have passed due to Covid-19, you will remember Trump’s inability to deal and handle the situation. It is something you will #NEVER forget.) I will not write a book here, but the listed reasons above is why Trump may be the 47th President of the United States, but he isn’t my president. My president would have #NEVER done these things to an American.

President Trump lamented at his rallies about having to deport so many illegal aliens. But he said the USA just cannot sustain the amount coming into the country. Specifically, we the people cannot afford the amount of money it takes to support millions of illegal immigrants. Blame it on the Democrats. They caused the problem.

The problem I see is that Trump and Vance call people who are living in the US legally, “illegals“. I wonder how many legal residents they are going to deport.

Once , my cousin and his friend had an roommate who’s an Indian immigrant. That Indian guy caused trouble to my cousin and his friend. He borrowed their stuff with out asking them. And the Indian dude don’t know how to use the bathroom properly. He uses toilet paper after using the toilet. But he threw them in the garbage instead of the toilet. And there was toilet ppr with shit showing in the trash. And then my cousin and his friend got into an argument with the Indian and my cousin and his friend complained to the land lady and the landlady kicked out the Indian guy evicting him. It a problem that there are too many Indian ppl in Canada. U Indians are always into other ppl face! Thinking that this country is like India!

Trump appeals to the worst specimens in the U.S. and there are so many of them that it's unbelievable. Hopefully, it's the last remnants of the previous generation known as the boomers, they have created so much problems all over the world that it will be difficult for the next generations to fix all of it.

I'm a black Canadian who's a naturalised citizen, and I agree that the immigration quota at 500,000 per annum under Trudeau until very recently was way too high. With high inflation, rising employment, brutal real estate and rent prices, a lack of housing for students and workers, and an overburdened healthcare system, the problem is not immigrants but our inability to be able to absorb that many while protecting the services and interests of Canadian citizens. In short, this is the Liberal government's fault for this situation. When I was finally able to visit home in Calgary in summer 2023 after years of Covid travel restrictions, it shocked me how messed up things were.

A good analysis on The Print said new migrants to Canada are swinging left. Why? A lot of Keralites with communist and leftist student politics background have entered Canada. How? Role of immigration consultancies in this must be scrutinised. Selective? What are so many of these wastes doing in Canada? Are they QUIETLY WORKING BEHIND SCENES in creating present problems in Canada and between India Canada? These leftist cowards are known to hijack, usurp and manipulate systems through back door to create anarchy. Beware.

Immigration is terribly difficult and expensive into the United States. No normal person would be able to immigrate to the US without marrying in. This is the problem and this is one of the reasons why there are so many illegals. If the process was actually more feasible in requirements, standards, and was more easy to follow (instructions are immensely confusing), we'd be better off.

Indian is problem ,too many of them , i stay at Toronto

during the pandemic many restaurant chains suffered, so later Sikhs Indians, were hired to fill the gap, but now that things are getting back to normal they do not leave and even more come for these entry level jobs, but the problem is if people from India keep taking these jobs, our kids fresh out of high school are looking for their first jobs to break into the work force, which is now becoming difficult as the Sikhs already have already taken them.....

it's a rush of to many, the ones who were born and raised here over 15 years ago make sense, however since 2023 there have been way too many people coming in and unfortunately causing problems from crime to dishonestly

This guy is right for the most part. A gov't telling the world to come in and not integrate or learn English is a big part of the problem. Then there are Indians who exploit Indians overseas. The thing too is the bad people coming now get so much free stuff. The rest of the immigrants who built this country had no programs yet have to pay for the newcomers who are changing the country. So some things aren't the Indians fault. The rest of us who came and adapted now face discrimination from newcomers and our own people who say Canada has no culture. I come from a time when foreigners got along for the most part. Now so many groups that all hate each other. We came here to get away from the crappy people in our country but now they have followed us here and turn the good land bad.

No one should make comments until actually VISIT Canada and see how many Canadian towns have been destroyed by Trudeau's open immigration policy. This is a REAL immigration problem!!! Its not a racism issue. I just traveled across the entire country from Quebec to Vancouver. It felt like a 3rd world country!!

I wish India and Pakistan could be one country—not as British India, but as a united land where people from both sides coexist peacefully and share in each other's lives.\n\nIf we were truly united, think about what could happen:\n\n1. The $50 billion defense expenses on both sides could reduce, freeing up resources for growth and development.\n\n\n2. The Kashmir issue would no longer divide us, allowing Kashmiri people to live happily and fearlessly, finally at peace after decades.\n\n\n3. Punjab would be united again, blending its rich culture and heritage from both sides.\n\n\n4. Pakistanis could visit the Taj Mahal, and Indians could experience Lahore's old markets—all without the need for passports and visas.\n\n\n5. Imagine the beautiful sight of Ganpati Visarjan on Karachi beach, celebrating with the same joy as we do in Mumbai. We already have so many mosques across India, so all faiths would have a home.\n\n\n\nAnd my favorite thought: India and Pakistan together would have the strongest cricket team, with fast bowlers, skilled batsmen, and the best of talent playing as one.\n\nFrom an Indian perspective, some people might ask why we would want this—why merge with a country that has been under military control since 1958? There’s concern about extremist groups, the instability Rawalpindi brings, and whether Pakistan could ever embrace the same religious harmony that India enjoys. In Indian cantonments, people of all faiths celebrate each festival together—could Pakistan someday share this unity and respect for diversity?\n\nOn the Pakistani side, many feel merging isn’t practical. They believe it would only create more problems with a larger population, and cultural differences might make it difficult. They worry about job competition, about religious fanatics clashing, and about how their way of life might change.\n\nI know this dream may sound foolish to some, but I believe nothing is impossible if both sides truly want it. History shows that countries have overcome their divisions.\n\nI don't know why, but I just wanted to share these thoughts. I don’t want to get into the blame game over who caused the partition; I only dream of a future where understanding, peace, and mutual respect guide us all.

Like everything they do, Liberals make a big fuss when they have been told for 2 years immigration is THE problem and they called everyone racist. Still way too many coming in, to allow Canada to get back on track.

The problem is unvetted criminals released into the country. Many US citizens have already been murdered, injured, etc. by illegal immigrants. This is a result of the Democrats's open border designed for future political gain. It is a breach of Biden/Harris duty to protect US citizens, makes Kamala unfit for president, plus she's an admitted Marxist, bad match for running a capitalist economy. Unelectable. Vote Trump

Labor shortage after covid? I’d like to see the stats on that as so many people lost their jobs because of this fraud. Healthcare system has collapsed already. As for housing- the condos that have been mushrooming like crazy are built with severe deficiencies due to insane corruption - the newer the building, the more severe the problems, speaking from experience in owning a condo in Toronto. What a pile of BS

What seems to dominate our Prime Minister’s priorities are issues like LGBTQ+ rights and sanctioning Russia—a focus that began a decade ago—while the pressing challenges facing Canadians today have taken a backseat. This failure to address the immediate concerns of Canadians has left many feeling frustrated and neglected. Rather than tackling domestic issues head-on, there’s been a greater emphasis on maintaining a positive image on the global stage. However, these cosmetic gestures do little for Canadians struggling with real problems at home.\n\nIf the Canadian economy were thriving, like those of Singapore, China, or the UAE, there would be a natural push to attract more international talent and investment. But instead, our economy is faltering, and many businesses are on the brink of collapse. This raises an important question: why do large Canadian businesses prioritize trade with China instead of focusing on strengthening the local market? It’s time to hold these businesses accountable for their choices, as well as the government, for failing to create a conducive environment for domestic growth. Addressing these structural issues and focusing on the needs of Canadians should be the priority—not seeking validation abroad.

Many immigrants from India are not only causing problems for Khalistanis, but also they are taking the jobs of many Canadian-born IT specialists. The IT market is saturated with cheap and useless unexperienced Indians which means experienced (highly paid) Canadian-borns are out of jobs claiming EI (or other provincial unemployment benefits).\nExcellent move by Treudu! He also answered the wishes of Quebec's premier on reducing the number of immigrants.

20% drop is still 80% too many. We cannot cope with the numbers that are already here. More, no matter how few, just makes the problem worse. No immigration until everyone is housed.